The world’s population is currently above 7 billion people and it’s expected to grow rapidly to reach 9 billion people by the year 2050. The high rate of population growth do not concurrent with existing natural resources such as water, land, forests, fish, air, mines, gas, oil, and etc. Technological progressive accelerate excessive consumption of resources from nature as well as production of wastes into the environment thus attainment of sustainable development is threaten in developed countries as well as in developing countries, Tanzania in particular. In one way or another, modern technology creates opportunities on overconsumption of natural resources like fish, forests, mines, gas, oil, so that to meet the need of present generation without compromising the need of the future generation.

In Tanzania context, consist human population of about 50 million, about 75% depend on agriculture as economic base with contribution of about 60% of the National GDP, however, farmers are still undertaking rain fed agriculture due to lack of irrigation infrastructures, and improved agricultural inputs as a result leading to unsustainable agricultural practices. Despite dependency on rain fed agriculture by many poor farmers nevertheless, the country experience prolonged dry periods and unpredictable rain seasons, the situations influence farmers to seek for alternative agricultural practice options include shifting cultivation and cultivation nearby by water sources aim to earn high crops yield. There are no studies show percentage of forests decline due to shifting cultivation else there are no studies indicate amount of soils deposit in water sources and cause siltation across the country. Agricultural practice options lead to environmental challenges such as deforestation because of illegal cutting of tree and setting of bushfires during farm plots preparation as well as siltation accordingly setbacks sustainable agriculture of which rural poor people are significant suffered. Although crops yield have decreased year by year climate change variability and unsustainable agriculture practices but, no more efforts have undertaken to rescue the situation across the country. Poor rural farmers are still using traditional agricultural practices from farm plots preparation, sowing, weeding, harvesting and storage; the practices are not match with climate conditions at the moment thus vulnerability exist and households poverty as well.
Fisheries sector is one of economic sector in Tanzania, the sector contributes around 10% of the National GDP. It creates employment, around 80,000 fishermen are employed full time in the fisheries, and a few other millions derive their economic livelihood from the sector in one way or another in fisheries related activities. Fish contribute about 30% of the total animal protein intake. The fisheries sector, despite being its importance on social development and economic growth, however, fishing technologies influence positive or negative impacts towards environmental sustainability. Despite the importance of fisheries industry as economic base however, most of fishermen are not consider the issue of sustainable fishing with regards to fishing technologies; some artisan fisheries use illegal fishing methods that have an impact on the target resource and may affect also non-target species and the wider aquatic environment. These illegal fishing methods include; use of poisons, and explosives thus resulting into decline of fish stocks due to demolition fish habitat and breeding sites as well; moreover, use of poisons risk human health.

Apart from the effects of technological progressive on resources consumption, but technology play great on wasteful production patterns. This is considered as production and use of electronic items, synthetic materials and biologically non-degradable materials have increased generations of wastes beyond manageable limit. In recent decades, human beings used to buy a lot of stuff unnecessary as result into bulk of uncontrolled municipal solid waste, plastic bag wastes in particular. Worldwide, a trillion single-use plastic bags are used each year, nearly 2 million each minute. In Tanzania, It is estimated that more than 10,000 tonnes of municipal solid waste is generated per day countrywide. The increase in waste generation is not equivalent to increase in the capacity of the relevant urban authorities to deal with this problem. On average, about 50% of solid wastes generated in urban areas are collected daily and disposal at dumpsites. Some solid wastes are disposed of by burning or burying and others may end up in drains or dump-sites.

Plastic bag litter has a devastating effect on animals, birds, and marine life. They mistake them for food & die after ingesting plastic bags which have obstructed their digestive systems. Birds become trapped in plastic bags hanging off bushes and trees. Plant life on land is smothered and killed by plastic bag litter.
In general, all nations should focus on environmental protection through effectively implementation of their National Environmental Policies as well as practice of various conventions like Basel Convention, Kyoto Protocol, the African Convention on the Conservation of Natural Resources, and etc; if they need to meet sustainable development.